BiblioRati

EPA compliance with Massachusetts v EPA (2007)

2010-02-24T11:11:00.001-08:00

Interesting update from the ever useful BeSpacific blog. Coal mining operations get a semi-schedule for EPA compliance with all deliberate speed.

EPA Administrator letter to Senator Jay D Rockefeller IV, West Virginia, February 22, 2010
http://epa.gov/oar/pdfs/LPJ_letter.pdf

Letter from Senator Jay D Rockefeller IV, West Virginia, to EPA Secreatary concerning compliance with US Supreme Court case Massachusetts v EPA (2007) February 19, 2010.
http://rockefeller.senate.gov/press/Letter%20to%20Lisa%20Jackson%202-19-10.pdf

["'No facility will be required to address greenhouse gas emissions in Clean Air Act permitting of new construction or modifications before 2011...For the first half of 2011, only facilities that already must apply for Clean Air Act permits as a result of their non-greenhouse gas emissions will need to address their greenhouse gas emissions in their permit applications. EPA is also considering a modification to the rule announced in September requiring large facilities emitting more than 25,000 tons of greenhouse gases a year to obtain permits demonstrating they are using the best practices and technologies to minimize GHG emissions. EPA is considering raising that threshold substantially to reflect input provided during the public comment process. EPA does not intend to subject smaller facilities to Clean Air Act permitting for greenhouse gas emissions any sooner than 2016.'" Be Spacific (February 23, 2010) http://www.bespacific.com/mt/archives/023591.html#023591 ]

Oversight 101: Financial Regulatory Primer

2010-01-05T10:32:00.000-08:00

Highly respected Congressional Research Service publishd an overview of federal financial regulation. A taxpayer got access to the restricted Congress only report. Now it is on OpenCRS.

Who Regulates Whom? An Overview of U.S. Financial Supervision, Mark Jickling and Edward V. Murphy. (Congressional Research Service, Washington DC) December 14, 2009. 40 p.

http://assets.opencrs.com/rpts/R40249_20091214.pdf

Pain at the Pump

2009-12-22T17:00:00.000-08:00

In 1990 California transportation accounted for 41% of California greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. California ARB(See Frame 6).
Will increased fuel costs reduce GHG emissions?

Or put another way, what might be the relationship between buying a car that used less fuel when gasoline prices go up? The Energy Institute at University of California Berkeley Haas Business School has issued an interesting study that proposes an answer. Titled Pain at the Pump, thee economists used the increase of fuel cost from close to $1 in 1999 to $4 in 2008 to perform a study of consumer's vehicle purchasing costs.

Their conclusion? A one dollar ($1.00) increase in fuel cost will increase new car sales among the most fuel efficient cars by 20% and reduce purchases of low mileage new vehicles by -24%.

As the authors put it "In the new car market, the adjustment is primarily in market shares, while in the used car market, the adjustment is primarily in prices. For a $1 increase in gas prices; the price adjustment for used cars is $2839."

"Pain at the Pump: The Differential Effect of Gasoline Prices on New and Used Automobile Markets" Meghan R. Busse, Christopher R. Knittel and Florian Zettelmeyer. Energy Institute at Haas School of Business, University of California Berkeley. December 2009. 59 p.
http://ei.haas.berkeley.edu/pdf/working_papers/WP201.pdf

Facebook is your father's Oldsmobile 2.009

2009-12-22T09:20:00.000-08:00

An overview article Look back on 2009 includes "Social Networks go Mainstream" where Computerworld announces that Facebook and Twitter are equal opportunity communications tools for all ages and even mainstream corporations. Grandparents are joining high school and college students to use Twitter and Facebook for their own purposes. "While it's been a bit embarrassing for the kids involved to have their Uncle Fred befriend them on Facebook, the broader audience has been a boon to social networking companies." Computerworld goes on to say that Facebook and Twitter seem to have enough revenue to provide a longer term platform for communicating with the world.

Can Government commnications be 2.0 far behind? Apparently not. Governing.com has been covering the adoption of social tools in government for some time. Delicious has a huge bookmark cluster for Government 2.0.

And for automobilisti, please no internal combustion flame wars. Oldsmobile was a great car company, it just got GeeEmd, and died before GM 2.0 arrived.

Beyond Goohoo / Yagle to the dark web.

2009-12-21T16:48:00.000-08:00

Once you go beyond Yahoo and Google you may have a chance to find more than the easy to locate 20% of internet information. Thats right, only 20%, one of a possible five web or internet items are found by big search engines. So 80% is still out there waiting. Talk about an 80/20 rule! That is like panning for gold assuming there is no gold in the rocks on both sides of the stream.

So how to find that dark matter on the web?

For an overview of emerging Web search in late 2009, wander over to Marcus Zillman's essay on Deep Web Research on the ever interesting llrx site. Chris Sherman and Gary Price coined the phrase Invisible Web back in 2001 to describe information that could not be found on the web.

Nine years later, Zillman outlines the tools that are being developed to enlarge our ability to find that invisible information. Now if only my library's use of Websense software would allow me unfettered access to listen to Zillman, I might be able to recommend "Deep Web - Exploring the Secrets of the Hiddden Internet by Marcus P. Zillman, M.S., A.M.H.A., - 23 minutes - Internet/Technology Channel"
http://www.planetearthradio.com/technology.htm But since the omniscient Websence doesn't want my pc to access Zillman's voicefile, let's just say it is itself part of the invisible web.

Bibliorati says for the highly motivated -- willing to go above and beyond the basic search -- some exotic tools for the toolbox.

US Statistical Abstracts

2009-12-16T16:35:00.000-08:00

The newest version of the US Statistical Abstracts just came out December 6. This is one of the top 10 reference books in libraries. Now free on the Web and fee for printed version from US Gov't. Printing Office.

Data charts are generated by the US Census, with a high commitment to accuracy. The charts are consistently numbered, so past charts are easy to find. Trends from the past, up to the date of publication make this is a good tool.

For crucial policy research on emerging issues it may already be outdated as soon as it is published. If outdated why bother using it? Well, glad you asked. There is a second use that is worth exploring.

At the bottom of every table you will find the source of the statistics that have been abstracted. This tells you what federal agency gathers the data, and gives you an opportunity to look up that organization and inquire whether they have newer or perhaps preliminary figures that are more up-to-date.

Bibliorati says -- for statistics a useful starting point. Definite must have for the Policy Toolbox.

Sources of Information held by the Federal Government

2009-12-15T16:14:00.000-08:00

Are you trying to find information that the federal government gathers? Here is a tool to try: GAO/OSI-97-2 Investigators Guide to Sources of Information: Federal Agencies Cabinet-Level Departments and Associated Agencies, published by the General Accountability Office, a.k.a. GAO. Here I was able to find the federal agency that tracks accountants and attorneys-- The Securities & Exchange Commission. Looking for retail stores that accept food stamps? -- Department of Agriculture. Real Estate Appraisers? -- General Services Administration. U.S. Savings Bonds? -- Try the Bureau of Public Debt in the Department of the Treasury.

Bibliorati says - for federal information sources a useful toolbox item.

Finding Local Government Financial Reports in California.

2009-12-15T11:55:00.000-08:00

By law all counties, cities, and special districts in California must submit a standard report to the State Controller. The statutory authority is codified in the California Government Code, Section 53890-53897. In addition, the United States Census gathers financial and statistical data for all governments, state and local.

The Controller's office creates an annual report which in the past was reported in four printed series: Cities, Counties, School Districts and Special Districts. The California State Library is a government document depository. The library houses printed reports from the late 1950s to the present. On the Web, the Controller's office has placed the last ten years of reports, and has added series of reports as well. These annual reports, include: Cities, Counties, Public Retirement Systems, Redevelopment Agencies, School Districts, Special Districts, Streets and Roads, Transit Operators and Non-Transit Claimants, and Transportation Planning Agencies.

The California State Controller specifies the format and accounting methodology for the reports, so they are published based on data collected in a uniform manner. Not only are the statistical reports uniform from city to city, they are also gathered in the same manner each year, providing longitudinal consistency.

As a service, the Controller also provides California local governments with the required forms for the US Census survey of governments. The US Census gathers these forms and publishes a Census of Government every five years. Within the last few years the US Census has developed Web tools to create custom reports from their governmental census. This is particularly useful in comparing the relative size of the public workforce in one place versus another and provides a means to create benchmarks for fiscal performance across state boundaries.

Bibliorati says -- for that fiscal report, another tool in the policy toolbox.

California Local Government Decision Making.

2009-12-14T16:40:00.000-08:00

California local government, be it county, city, water district, mosquito control district or library service district, is an abundant species of government. Also a bit hard to understand. If you are willing to stay up late one or two nights a week to attend hearings, have time to drop by a supervisor's office or call a board member, read every mailing or track informative web pages maybe you can stay up with local government activity in your neighborhood.

To help you along, the Institute of Local Government in Sacramento has written a nice 52 page primer, aptly titled Local Government Decision Making.

One of the curious things I learned in this guide was that there are over 7000 government entities in California, and we elect some 15,000 people to represent us in these local governments. Most trivia nuts can tell you there are 58 counties in California, and a web search will turn up some 480 cities, so that leaves about 6500 small service districts and some huge organizations. You want huge? how about the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power with close to 9000 employees and five elected commissioners. Want small to middle size? How about the Carmichael Water District, with five directors. You want obscure? How about the San Diego LAFCO? At last count, no laughing matter, 13 representatives.

With such numbers, a guide can only be general, an outline, a starting point. But hey, you have to start somewhere, and this guide is a good place to start. So before you stay up past midnight at a city council meeting, waiting for that one discussion item about the garbage truck pickup fees, get to know this little book.

Local government decision making 101 for dummies and biblio-rats.

Bibliorati says-- for California local government watchdogs-- here is your remedial class.

California Local Government Finance--Its Complicated.

2009-12-14T14:05:00.000-08:00

There is an old quote that money is the mother's milk of politics. What that really means if that without money government services get sickly, and ignored too long, they die.

In California, city and county government actually deliver most services like public safety, social services, parks and libraries . However, these local governments do not have complete control over the services they must provide not can local government raise all the revenue needed to pay for the services. That revenue comes largely from federal and state programs and those fiscal policy decisions are made by the US federal government and by the State of California. California's state government is deadlocked over finance and tax policy, leaving cities and counties to innovate, patch, beg, borrow or defer problems to future years. Local governments have evolved a host of methods to deal with practical problems for delivering services residents expect. Among the most complex topics in California government is local government finance.

Every time a new policy directive comes down from the US or California state government, cities and counties have to adjust their service delivery plans and finances. Layer-upon-layer of program adaptation has left an extremely complex system of local government finance. News stories reduce government financial complexity to buzz words like Prop 13, realignment, subvention or ERAF. How to get past the confusion and understand the topic? Where is a newby to find out what these terms and policies actually mean?

To fill this need, the League of California Cities has assembled a combination tutorial, almanac, encyclopedia, and weblink directory to useful policy reports and press coverage. Its name says it all: The California Local Government Finance Almanac. It is updated yearly, with a long print backfile, but now the Almanac is on the Web.

In the Almanac you will find introductory primers, ERAF, overviews of Prop 13 and Prop 218,
triple flips & realignment , Vehicle License Fee (VLF) revenue, excise taxes & developer fees, the California State Budget and how it affects local government finance, and Federal funds and ARRA recovery act money.

Beyond this the site has suggested data sources and extensive links California city to web sites. One of the best of many policy reports the Almanac has found is a PPIC study by Elisa Barbour titled State-Local Fiscal Conflicts in California: From Proposition 13 to Proposition 1A

For students of California public policy, Bibliorati gives The California Local Government Finance Almanac two thumbs up.

GoogLegal

2009-12-09T14:36:00.000-08:00

Google Scholar Legal opinions and journals

Google Scholar introduced a subset that allows us to search for legal journals and court cases. It is in early form but will no doubt grow. In no way does Google Scholar-"Legal opinions and journals" substitute for doing research in a law library. Neither is it any competition for WestLaw or Lexis Nexis, but any tool has its use.

To find it, go to
www.google.com/scholar then click the radio button under the search box. ==> [Legal opinions and journals ] and enter a search term(s) of a case name or legal term.

There is an introductory essay, http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2009/11/finding-laws-that-govern-us.html that provides some background on this project. Interestingly enough, Google Legal Opinions and Journals search provides cases that appear to be hosted by Google's servers rather than looking for items on the Web. That means anything found should be available in full text, avoiding the frustration of Google Scholar, which often points to a journal that tantalizes with a great title and abstract but that imposes a per-use charge to read the article.

So far I have not found a use for the law journals, as many are copyrighted. However the court cases are available in full form. Some law schools recognize the value of placing content on the Web free of charge, this Google search service will give them a much wider readership.

So what uses?
The "Cited" function is very welcome. This has been available in Google Scholar, and is now in the legal search subset as well. Looking for later work that cites an earlier landmark article or case is useful in finding similar literature. This works exactly the opposite of a bibliography, which can only cite works older than the one that has been found. Citation indexing has been around in paper form since the 1950s and now electronically by subscription from ISI/Thompson Reuters who produce the Web of Knowledge. ( http://www.isiwebofknowledge.com/ )

So how well does the "cited" search function work? In a word, nicely.
According to the "cited" function in Google, the U.S. Supreme Court case Roe v Wade has been cited 23,074 times in later cases. One could perhaps read through these opinions at about the same rate they are multiplying. Another court case, Marbury v Madison, perhaps the most important federal case of all time, gets cited 15,853 times. (So much for contemporary reproductive policy vs. the original Supreme Court case whose precedent enables U.S. courts to review and invalidate legislation.)

When, for example, the Marbury v Madison case is displayed, a second tab, "How Cited,"can be selected. This "How Cited" tab provides a case name in context within later decisions. That allows a very fast scan of cases to see how Marbury v Madison is being used to construct judicial reasoning.

Advanced search.
In Advanced Search mode, individual states can be selected, thus providing a useful limiting function. Instead of scanning 15,853 cases citing Marbury, one could select US Federal court opinions or any of the 50 states. Selecting California as the jurisdiction reduces our Marbury v Madison results list to 63 California court cases, clearly an easier number to browse through.

The advanced search box has provision for a date limitation, so a searcher could ask for court cases since 2008 citing Roe. Should a searcher want cases between 1990 to 1992, for instance, this date limiter will reduce the number of cases one has to examine.

Some of the search limitations inherent to Google search also limit the court case search.

Field searching, such as "title" or judge's "name" or "counsel" are simply not available. In advanced search mode, I was able to find articles written by Earl Warren since there is a specific line for "author." For court cases, one would have to examine the results to see if a case had been authored by Earl Warren's court, if Earl Warren was the attorney representing California (He was the Attorney General of California for a while) or simply that the case mentioned Earl Warren in the text.

Proximity searching, where two search terms must be within a certain number of words of each other is sadly missed. This is a standard tool in professional databases such as Lexis, Westlaw, Proquest, and Newsbank. Proximity searching can require an upper limit on the number of words apart the search terms can be, and specify that they be in a specific order.

The closest one can come to this functionality in Google is with phrase searching where one uses two search words inside quotation marks with an asterisk between: "firstword * lastword" to signal there are intervening words in the phrase. So for example, “Governor * California” where intervening words might be Warren, Knight, Brown, Reagan, Wilson, Deukmejian, Davis or Schwarzenegger should bring up cases where the governor is named. Because the intervening words are legion, it should not be surprising that the display shows a wide assortment of cases as result of a proximity search such as this. A better example might be “Brown * Education” which leads exactly to the case of Oliver Brown et al. v. Board of Education of Topeka et al.1954 347 U.S. 483.

Wildcard or truncation to find variants with the same word stem does not seem to be available. Google's early decision to ignore the search syntax and boolean logic available in an older search engine such as AltaVista is truly regrettable.

Searching for a legal concept can be daunting, this system works best to retrieve cases by name. For example, searching for the word "estoppel" yields many court cases containing the word, but only a vague sense of its meaning can be inferred from its usage within the cases. By contrast, a search in Wikipedia for the term "estoppel" provides useful, if not authoritative, definitions.

Displaying the results.
So far, I have not encountered scanned original pages, the case language appears to have been re-typed. This may provide opportunity for mistakes introduced during the typing. However, this is an informal search tool, scholars will want to find the historical printed decisions for faithful citation. My personal preference is for the original scanned pages to be displayed, allowing typed or OCR renditions to provide word search functionality. Perhaps there are copyright or publisher PR issues involved that prevent the scanned pages of published decisions from being displayed.

Still, Google Scholar Legal Opinions and Journals search is useful. It is joining my bookmarks for sure.

Just hope it gets a better name. Google Scholar Legal Opinions and Journals is simply too big a mouthful to make it a good name. Acronyms like Google SLOAJ sound much too close to "sludge." Maybe LegalGoogle or LawGoogle or GoogLegal.

Enjoy.
D.E.M.

Carbon footprint of books

2008-01-22T12:36:00.000-08:00

An interesting thread is emerging on a blog titled if:book concerning the sustainability of book publishing. eBooks vs paper books. Having worked in libraries for the last 25 years, and having checked contents of bookstores up and down the west coast of the USA, this is not a trivial question. The things I want to read are in both digital and paper form.

We can probably come up with an electronic carbon emissions figure for electronic books and eMagazines. It would be part of the aggregate global computing and internet carbon cost.

Paper books can be classed as carbon sinks as opposed to carbon sources. But it is not as simple as we might hope. Paper is a refined final product of a long industrial chain, and books even more so.

Many folk assume books go to a library and "stay" there in perpetuity. Well some do, but most don't. Interestingly enough, no one assumes books go to bookstores and "stay" there in perpetuity, not does anyone assume books go to peoples' homes and stay there forever. In fact, most all paper books and magazines eventually are put in a dumpster for disposal or recycled for secondary paper.

Perhaps we can get a sense of paper publishing's carbon footprint by adding up the many steps that lead to printing a book. (For simplicity I am leaving out editorial work, which should be the same whether paper or eBook.)

Here is a partial list of steps in creating a paper book, or magazine, which might help us begin to count the system costs of paper publishing.
1.) A work crew drives to the woods, cuts trees and hauls them to a paper mill.
2.) Mill workers arrive, paper mill does its industrial process and trucks the paper to a printer.
2.1) Ink manufacturing workers go to work. Pigment arrives from process X, other chemicals from process Y. Ink manufacturer does its industrial process and trucks ink to warehouse, then to the printer.
3.) Publisher gets paper and ink. Press operators drive to work and run a press, machinery hauls partly assembled groups of paper, binding and trimming and first level warehousing 1,000 t0 5 million items, aka (print run).
4.) Trucks haul the books to distributors' warehouses. Libraries, bookstores, order books from the publisher or a wholesale jobber, who messages the warehouse, who in turn pull, box and ship the order.

5.1)If it is an online bookstore, they put one or two books in a cardboard box and mail it to a home or office. (skip to step 6)
5.2) Customers get into their favorite transport and physically go to a library or bookstore, perhaps don't find what they want and proceed to another, or set up a special request, and repeat (5.2) when their title arrives.
5.2) Customers go to a library or retail store and pick up a book or magazine as a side element of some other errand.
5.3) Not finding their desired title, they give up the information quest and the whole trip to bookstore or library is a complete waste of energy. Literally. Or they accept a weak substitute--horrors a new unknown author--.

Primary user is through with the item.
6.) Reuse--books are shared with family or friends, sold to used booksellers, donated to libraries for book sales, or recycled.
6.1) Reuse--library client drives back to the library to return the book, drives home. Libraries check books in and out. But how many times? Most modern published books are rather flimsy. Max number or checkouts-100 times for hardbacks with good bindings and quality paper, to as few as 5 to 10 times for a paperback, perhaps that number for magazines.--at which time the book or magazine falls apart simply due to handling and is recycled or in a few cases, rebound.

7.) Recycling or out to a landfill.

So is a paper publication really a carbon sink, neutral, or a carbon source?

Virtual Reference Service via free IM software

2007-08-30T14:05:00.000-07:00

Instant Messaging (IM) tools are a low cost option in setting up a virtual reference service. So writes Bonnie Shucha, law librarian at U. Wisconsin Madison Law School. In an LLRX.com article "IM a Librarian: Establishing a Virtual Reference Service with Little Cost or Technical Skill" Shucha outlines what is needed.

Instant messaging services are not compatible with each other- the free IM services really want "friends" to talk their own circle of acquaintances into joining the same service. Yet for IM to be useful in a law library the librarian has to be able to accept incoming messages from the different services, be they Yahoo, Google, AIM or some other brand. To accept messages from all the services, Shucha suggests signing up for the same IM name on each service. In addition a reference service would need a software solution that can accept messages from various IM services. To monitor multiple IM services two companies provide solutions, Trillian and Meebo. Trillian requires a downloaded software client, whereas Meebo is a straight web connection to the service with no local software to install. Many institutions have restrictions on client software being downloaded so a straight web conection seems preferable.

With the technical details out of the way, Shucha makes a different point--why do it at all? Her answer is to more efficiently and effectively communicate the way your client expects to communicate, and also to establish a service presence where none has existed.

Possibly unexamined in IM a Librarian is the added workload this will impose. With any new service there is a level of uncertainty about the amount of staff time a project will require. It is important for any innovative service to have management support lest the innovator be overwhelmed.

Nicely written and well thought through IM proposal. Bibliorati says "Two thumbs up--on keypad."

Resource site for California public policy reports

2007-08-03T16:49:00.000-07:00

Students of California government will already know about the Institute for Governmental Studies at UC Berkeley. An IGS librarian has created a nifty policy report service called California Policy Box. The newest featured report creates the lead story for the day, older posts move down one position. Each report gets a general topic assigned, and a link to reports on the same topic is provided. In the left frame you can go directly to the general topic of choice, examples include Crime and Punishment, Healthcare, and my favorite, Resources and Economy.

As The Count would say "Wonderful, but wait there's more." Waay doown in the left frame is a link to Organizations. The Organizations page is no link farm, rather the best list I have found for groupss that do research and issue policy reports about California. So if you want to get early word of a new report, point your Web alert service at the sites enumerated on this list.

While some useful and highly respected governmental sites like Little Hoover Commission and the Legislative Analyst make the list, other California agencies or commissions do not. Among the missing, the Air Resources Board, and the California Energy Commission, and an interesting hybrid page, the California Climate Change Portal. If all the CEC or the ARB did was issue government reports that would be reason to drop them off the list, but the climate and energy research that shows up in support of administrative law decisions or to supplement witness testimony at public hearings by those agencies makes them worthy of inclusion. Perhaps a second group of governmental organizations that publish policy reports could include those entities. Differentiating a private sector think tank from a government site might be a useful way of accomodating state agencies without diluting the strength of the IGS organizations list.

Those nitpicks aside, this is a good page to bookmark. The layout of the Policy Inbox is clean, lean and intuitive. BiblioRati gives it two thumbs up.

Useful Reports on Global Warming

2007-07-11T17:01:00.001-07:00

Alley, Richard, and others. Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis: Summary for Policymakers. Geneva, Switzerland: Working Group I of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, World Meteorological Organization. February 2007.
http://ipcc-wg1.ucar.edu/wg1/docs/WG1AR4_SPM_Approved_05Feb.pdf
Bemis, Gerry. Inventory of California Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990 to 2004 – Draft Staff Report. Sacramento, California: California Energy Commission, October 31, 2006. http://www.energy.ca.gov/2006publications/CEC-600-2006-013/CEC-600-2006-013-D.PDF
Bushinsky, Joshua. State and Local Net Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reduction Programs: California PUC Carbon Adder. Arlington, Virginia : Pew Center on Global Climate Change, undated. http://www.pewclimate.org/states.cfm?view=all
California Climate Action Registry. Why Register GHG Emissions? Los Angeles, California: California Climate Action Registry, undated. http://www.climateregistry.org/HOWANDWHY/Why/
California Climate Action Registry General Reporting Protocol. 2006. http://www.climateregistry.org/PROTOCOLS/
California Climate Action Team. Report to Governor Schwarzenegger and the Legislature. Sacramento, California: California Environmental Protection Agency, 2006. http://www.climatechange.ca.gov/climate_action_team/reports/2006-04-03_FINAL_CAT_REPORT.PDF
California Climate Change Center. Our Changing Climate: Assessing the Risks to California. Sacramento, California: California Environmental Protection Agency, 2006. http://www.climatechange.ca.gov/biennial_reports/2006report/index.html
California Climate Change Center. Scenarios of Climate Change in California: An Overview. Sacramento, California, California Environmental Protection Agency, 2006. http://www.energy.ca.gov/2005publications/CEC-500-2005-186/CEC-500-2005-186-SF.PDF
Easterbrook, Gregg. Case Closed: the Debate About Global Warming is Over. Washington DC, Brookings Institution, 2006. http://www.brookings.edu/views/papers/easterbrook/20060517.htm
Fialka, John. “California Plots Greenhouse-Gas Strategy,” Wall Street Journal, November 17. 2006. http://online.wsj.com/public/article/SB116372773248425830-MX5nl4Cw4XrpfdEvulceCJXC1mo_20071117.html?mod=tff_main_tff_top
Fialka, John. “Politics & Economics: Carbon Curbs Gain Backers; Energy Groups Shift Stance, Possibly Giving Campaign New Fuel.” Wall Street Journal, February 27, 2007.
Hanneman, Michael, and Alexander Farrell. Managing Greenhouse Gas Emissions in California. Berkeley, California: California Climate Change Center at UC Berkeley, 2006. http://calclimate.berkeley.edu/managing_GHGs_in_CA.html
Methane to Markets Partnership. The Significance of Methane and Activities to Reduce Methane Emissions. Washington DC, United States Environmental Protection Agency, 2006. http://www.methanetomarkets.org/resources/factsheets/significance_eng.pdf
Metz, Bert and others. Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage: Summary for Policymakers and Technical Summary. Geneva, Switzerland: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, World Meteorological Organization, 2005.
http://arch.rivm.nl/env/int/ipcc/pages_media/SRCCS-final/ccsspm.pdf
Miller, Michael. Global Climate Change. Palo Alto, California: Electric Power Research Institute, 2006. [Powerpoint presentation]. http://mydocs.epri.com/docs/CorporateDocuments/AssessmentBriefs/NARUC_Environment.pdf
Patrick, Jason. “Bicoastal Carbon Trading: California and RGGI Markets Mapped Out.” Evolution Markets, October 11, 2006. http://www.evomarkets.com/assets/evobriefs/nw_1160589151.pdf
Public Interest Energy Research Program, PIER. Emissions Markets: Characteristics and Evolution. Sacramento, California: California Energy Commission, March 2005. http://www.energy.ca.gov/pier/final_project_reports/CEC-500-2005-024.html
Schneider, Stephen. Climate Policy. Palo Alto, California, Stanford University, undated. http://stephenschneider.stanford.edu/Climate/Climate_Policy/CliPolFrameset.html
Stern, Nicholas. Stern Review: The Economics of Climate Change. Government Economics Service, HM Treasury. Prepared for the Prime Minister and the Chancellor of the Exchequer. London, United Kingdom. The Treasury, October 2006. Executive Summary: http://www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/media/8AC/F7/Executive_Summary.pdf
Thompson, Vivian. Early Observations on the European Union’s Greenhouse Gas Emission Trading Scheme: Insights for United States Policymakers. Arlington, Virginia: Pew Center on Global Climate Change, April 19, 2006. http://www.pewclimate.org/docUploads/Early_Observations_on_EUETS_Thomson.pdf
Thorning, Margo. California Climate Change Policy: Is AB32 a Cost-Effective Approach? Washington DC: American Council for Capital Formation, June 15, 2006. http://www.calchamber.com/NR/rdonlyres/F7F36D4B-44DB-4545-AE54-59AB8FF72A7C/0/ACCPstudy.pdf
United States Climate Change Technology Program Strategic Plan. Washington DC: Committee on Climate Change Science and Technology Integration. (joint cabinet-member project), September 2006.
http://www.climatetechnology.gov/stratplan/final/index.htm
United States Energy Information Agency. Energy Market and Economic Impacts of a Proposal to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Intensity with a Cap and Trade System. Washington DC, United States Department of Energy, January 2007. http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/servicerpt/bllmss/pdf/sroiaf(2007)01.pdf